The effects of vibration and pressure interventions on children's pain, fear and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: The effects of vibration and pressure methods on the level of fear, anxiety, and pain of pediatric patients who were admitted to the emergency department for intramuscular injection were evaluated. METHODS: This was a parallel group and a randomized controlled study conducted in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 114 children aged between 5 and 10 years who presented to the emergency department to receive intramuscular ceftriaxone injection as part of their treatment. The children were randomized into three groups: Vibration Intervention Group (n = 38), Pressure Intervention Group (n = 38) and Control Group (n = 38). Before the procedure, the level of anxiety and fear of the children were evaluated, and the level of perceived pain during the procedure was immediately evaluated after the intervention. Parents and nurses also rated the level of pain. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests using SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: According to the evaluations made by children, mothers, and nurses, there was a significant difference between pain scores of children in the vibration and pressure intervention groups during the procedure and children in the control group (p < 0.000). There was a significant difference between anxiety and fear scores of children in the vibration and pressure groups and children in the control group before and after the intervention according to the evaluations of the children, mothers, and nurses (p < 0.000). CONCLUSION: Vibration and pressure interventions used during intramuscular injections administered to children in the emergency department were found to reduce pain, anxiety, and fear based on the evaluations of children, mothers, and nurses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Vibration and pressure are effective and useful in relieving pain associated with intramuscular injections in children aged between 5 and 10 years.

The Effect of Using Virtual Reality Headset During Burn Dressing on Pain, Anxiety and Fear Felt in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of using VR during burn dressing on the level of fear, anxiety and pain that children would experience. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in a pretest-posttest design. Randomization of the participants(n=65) was performed with the block randomization method. Then, 33 children were included in the intervention and 32 children in the control group with simple sequential randomization. The study data were collected using the "Family and Child Personal Information Form", "Physiological Parameters Registration Form", "Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale", "Children's Fear Scale" and "Children's Anxiety Meter-State". The Chi-square test, t-test, Shapiro-Wilk, mean, and percentile distributions were used for the data analysis. After dressing, the physiological parameters of the children who used VR were found to be within normal limits (HR:108.48±12.43-O2: 98.39±1.14) compared to the children who did not use (HR:117.38±15.25-O2: 97.81±1.35) (p<0.05). After the dressing, children using VR (0.85±1.23) were determined to have less fear than those who did not use them (3.03±1.06), and similarly, children who used VR (2.64±2.73) experienced less anxiety than those who did not use them (5.84±2.26). When the pain levels were evaluated, the VR group (1.79±2.04) was reported to feel less pain compared to the control group (5.50±2.36). The VR used by children aged 5-10 years during burn dressing has been found to affect their physiological parameters and is effective in reducing fear, anxiety and pain levels.

The effect of the distraction methods used before the COVID-19 test on the fear and anxiety levels of children: a RCT study.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the distraction methods employed before nasopharyngeal swab sampling from children within the scope of the COVID test on their anxiety and fear levels. The study was an RCT with parallel groups conducted according to the CONSORT statement at the pediatric emergency unit of a hospital in Turkey. Children aged 5-10 years were randomized into three groups: Kaleidoscope, Visual Illusion Cards, and control. Data were collected by the researchers using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, the Children's Anxiety Meter-State, and the Children's Fear Scale. According to the reports of the children, the parents, and the nurse, the mean anxiety score and the mean fear score in the experimental groups were significantly lower after the nasopharyngeal swab procedure compared to the control group (p < .05). Fear and anxiety were observed less in the visual illusion cards group and the kaleidoscope group.

Protective effect of dexpanthenol on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Cisplatin (CIS) is an antineoplastic agent used for treating solid organ tumors. Toxic side effects of CIS treatment include nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity. Dexpanthenol (DEX) exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and protective effects against free oxygen radicals. We investigated the protective effects of DEX on CIS induced nephrotoxicity. Animals were divided into four groups of 10. The control group was given saline. The DEX group was treated with DEX for 10 days. The CIS group was treated with a single dose of CIS. The DEX + CIS group was given a single dose of CIS followed by DEX for 10 days. We found increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, while superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were decreased in the CIS group. MDA, BUN and creatinine levels were decreased, while SOD, CAT, GPx and MPO levels were increased in the DEX + CIS group. Renal tubule damage, inflammation and histopathology scores were significantly higher in the CIS group than the control. The DEX + CIS group exhibited less renal tubule damage and inflammation, and lower histopathological assessment scores than the CIS group. Significant cortical tubule damage and interstitial inflammation were observed in the CIS group. Tubule damage was slightly less, and mild tubule dilation and less cast formation were observed in the DEX + CIS group; also, inflammation was less severe than for the CIS group. DEX may have therapeutic potential for treating CIS induced nephrotoxicity due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Effect of education given to children with enuresis on quality of life.

INTRODUCTION: The quality of life of children diagnosed with enuresis is affected negatively compared with that of healthy children. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the education program given within the framework of nursing activities on the quality of life of children diagnosed with enuresis. STUDY DESIGN: The study was conducted on 60 children aged 7-12 years who applied to the urology clinic of a hospital in Turkey and were diagnosed with enuresis. Data were collected using the Pediatric Incontinence Questionnaire (PINQ). Children who met the study criteria were divided into two groups, control and experimental, using the random draw method. Participants in the experimental group were educated by the researcher with using the Enuresis Education Booklet. RESULTS: Of the 60 children, 43.3% were aged 7-8 years and 63.3% were male. At baseline, the children in the control group revealed a total mean PINQ score of 45.00 ± 11.52, and the total mean PINQ score was 45.80 ± 12.05 at 1 month. At baseline, the children in the experimental group revealed a total mean PINQ score of 47.00 ± 11.88, and the total mean PINQ score of was 32.404 ± 8.62 at 1 month. A measurement carried out in the education and control groups 1 month later showed a statistically significant difference in the total mean PINQ scores (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Explaining the disease thoroughly to a child created a positive effect on the child's quality of life.

Effect of White Noise and Lullabies on Pain and Vital Signs in Invasive Interventions Applied to Premature Babies.

BACKGROUND: Preterm babies are exposed to many repetitive painful interventions in NICU. AIMS: This study aimed to comparatively determine the effect of white noise and lullabies on pain perception and vital signs of premature babies during painful interventions. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trialParticipants/Subjects; A sample group of 66 premature babies with a gestational age of 3237 weeks and a weight more than 1000 g were included in this study conducted between May and August 2019 in the NICU of a university hospital. METHODS: The babies were randomly divided into three groups: lullaby, white noise, and control. The behavioral responses of the babies were recorded with a camera during the whole procedure. Before, during, and after the procedure, the heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation level were measured and recorded, and the pain was evaluated using the premature infant pain profile (PIPP) after the procedure. The mean PIPP score, heart rate during and after the procedure, mean respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were significantly lower in the white noise and lullaby groups compared with the control group (P < 0.001). RESULTS: The premature babies in the white noise group were found to have the lowest mean PIPP score, mean heart rate, and respiratory rate, and the highest mean oxygen saturation rate (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The white noise and lullabies played to premature babies during the blood collection process were effective in pain reduction, and the pain score was lower in the white noise group than in the lullaby group.

The effect of virtual reality on Children's anxiety, fear, and pain levels before circumcision.

BACKGROUND: Circumcision is one of the oldest and most frequently performed surgical interventions in many societies across the world. Boys undergoing this procedure experience anxiety and fear during the preoperative period. In addition, postoperative pain in children is reported to be associated with anxiety and fear. AIM: This study aimed to examine the effects of using virtual reality (VR) intervention before circumcision on the pre-and postoperative anxiety and fear levels and postoperative pain symptoms in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This randomized controlled experimental study included 5-10-year-old boys referred to a pediatric hospital for circumcision between June and September 2019. Randomization was performed using the randomized block design, and the subjects were divided into control (n = 38) and experimental (n = 40) groups. The data were collected using a participant information form, the children's fear scale (CFS), the children's anxiety meter scale (CAM-S), and the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBS); data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 package program. RESULTS: Of the children included in the study, 59% were between the ages of five and six years and 78.2% had no previous hospital experience. Children in the experimental group had significantly lower mean scores of CAM-S and CFS in the pre-and postoperative periods than those in the control group. Also, the mean postoperative WBS score was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. DISCUSSION: Results of this study were similar to those reported previously that VR interventions were effective in reducing fear and anxiety in the preoperative period (Dehghan et al., 2019, Ryu et al., 2018; Olbrechta et al., 2020). Previous studies have shown that patient immersion in interactive VR provides a distraction from painful stimuli and can decrease an individual's perception of the pain (Pouarmand et al., 2018; Chad et al., 2018). CONCLUSION: Distracting children using a VR intervention before circumcision decreased their anxiety and fear both before and after the surgery, and it was found that the pain symptoms were lower in the postoperative period.

Children's Pain, Fear, and Anxiety During Invasive Procedures.

This study was conducted to find out the effects of different means of games used during pediatric blood draw on the levels of procedure-induced fear and anxiety. Patient descriptive information form and selected scales were completed for both the experimental and control group before the blood drawing procedure. During the blood draw procedure, the children in the experimental group listened to music and watched video games. Following the blood draw procedure, the children were given the Fear of Medical Procedure Scale and State Anxiety Inventory for a second time. The results of the study showed that differences between pre- and postprocedure average total scores of Fear of Medical Procedure Scale were statistically significant for all groups (p < .05). As a conclusion, it was found that making children listen to music or watch a video during blood draw was effective in decreasing their medical procedure fear levels and state anxiety.

An Analysis of the Anxiety Levels of Mothers Who Participate in Education and Therapeutic Games About Their Children's Surgeries.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of education and therapeutic games on the postoperative anxiety level of mothers who participated in education and therapeutic games with their children. DESIGN: This study used a quasi-experimental method. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 300 mothers. Data were collected using a questionnaire on the sociodemographic characteristics of the parents and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for others. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. The mothers in the control group were given a routine explanation of the study. The mothers in the education group were given educational booklets and shown a video presentation. The other group participated in therapeutic games with various game materials and some medical tools along with their children after the education. FINDINGS: The difference between the preoperative and postoperative STAI score averages of the mothers who were educated and participated in the games with their children was significantly lower than the difference between STAI score averages of the mothers in the control group (P < .05). The STAI score averages were found to be lower in the education group than in the education and game group (P > .05). Although the trait anxiety score averages were reduced more in the education and game group than in the education group, the difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety levels of the mothers in the education and education + game group were found to be lower than those of the mothers in the control group.